dm snapshot: fix primary_pe race

Fix a race condition with primary_pe ref_count handling.

put_pending_exception runs under dm_snapshot->lock, it does atomic_dec_and_test
on primary_pe->ref_count, and later does atomic_read primary_pe->ref_count.

__origin_write does atomic_dec_and_test on primary_pe->ref_count without holding
dm_snapshot->lock.

This opens the following race condition:
Assume two CPUs, CPU1 is executing put_pending_exception (and holding
dm_snapshot->lock). CPU2 is executing __origin_write in parallel.
primary_pe->ref_count == 2.

CPU1:
if (primary_pe && atomic_dec_and_test(&primary_pe->ref_count))
	origin_bios = bio_list_get(&primary_pe->origin_bios);
... decrements primary_pe->ref_count to 1. Doesn't load origin_bios

CPU2:
if (first && atomic_dec_and_test(&primary_pe->ref_count)) {
	flush_bios(bio_list_get(&primary_pe->origin_bios));
	free_pending_exception(primary_pe);
	/* If we got here, pe_queue is necessarily empty. */
	return r;
}
... decrements primary_pe->ref_count to 0, submits pending bios, frees
primary_pe.

CPU1:
if (!primary_pe || primary_pe != pe)
	free_pending_exception(pe);
... this has no effect.
if (primary_pe && !atomic_read(&primary_pe->ref_count))
	free_pending_exception(primary_pe);
... sees ref_count == 0 (written by CPU 2), does double free !!

This bug can happen only if someone is simultaneously writing to both the
origin and the snapshot.

If someone is writing only to the origin, __origin_write will submit kcopyd
request after it decrements primary_pe->ref_count (so it can't happen that the
finished copy races with primary_pe->ref_count decrementation).

If someone is writing only to the snapshot, __origin_write isn't invoked at all
and the race can't happen.

The race happens when someone writes to the snapshot --- this creates
pending_exception with primary_pe == NULL and starts copying. Then, someone
writes to the same chunk in the snapshot, and __origin_write races with
termination of already submitted request in pending_complete (that calls
put_pending_exception).

This race may be reason for bugs:
  http://bugzilla.kernel.org/show_bug.cgi?id=11636
  https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=465825

The patch fixes the code to make sure that:
1. If atomic_dec_and_test(&primary_pe->ref_count) returns false, the process
must no longer dereference primary_pe (because someone else may free it under
us).
2. If atomic_dec_and_test(&primary_pe->ref_count) returns true, the process
is responsible for freeing primary_pe.

Signed-off-by: Mikulas Patocka <mpatocka@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Alasdair G Kergon <agk@redhat.com>
Cc: stable@kernel.org

drivers/md/dm-snap.c

@@ -824,8 +824,10 @@ static struct bio *put_pending_exception(struct dm_snap_pending_exception *pe)
 	 * the bios for the original write to the origin.
 	 */
 	if (primary_pe &&
-	    atomic_dec_and_test(&primary_pe->ref_count))
+	    atomic_dec_and_test(&primary_pe->ref_count)) {
 		origin_bios = bio_list_get(&primary_pe->origin_bios);
+		free_pending_exception(primary_pe);
+	}
 
 	/*
 	 * Free the pe if it's not linked to an origin write or if
@@ -834,12 +836,6 @@ static struct bio *put_pending_exception(struct dm_snap_pending_exception *pe)
 	if (!primary_pe || primary_pe != pe)
 		free_pending_exception(pe);
 
-	/*
-	 * Free the primary pe if nothing references it.
-	 */
-	if (primary_pe && !atomic_read(&primary_pe->ref_count))
-		free_pending_exception(primary_pe);
-
 	return origin_bios;
 }